Synthesizing Information from Sources
Research papers, also known as research essays, must include information from sources. This is called synthesizing or integrating your sources.
There are three ways to incorporate information from other sources into your paper: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Good research papers should include at least quoting and paraphrasing and preferably also summarizing. The method you choose depends on the best way you can make the point you are trying to make using that particular information from the source. It is very important to remember that even if you are not using the exact words of the author as when you paraphrase or summarize, you must give a source citation.
Every sentence with information from a source must give credit to the source by citing the source. It is NOT all right to have a few sentences from a source and then give credit to the source. A reader would not know how many, if any at all, of the preceding sentences had information from that source. A quote, paraphrase, or summary without a citation giving credit to the source is plagiarism.
Quoting
Quotations are best used when used sparingly. A common error in many papers is the overuse of quotations. When a paper contains too many quotations the reader may become bored or conclude that you have no ideas of your own. Keep quotations short and only use them when a paraphrase would not capture the meaning or reflect the author’s specific choice of words. You may also wish to introduce a quote if you plan on disagreeing with the source since using the exact words helps the reader understand the differences between your position and the position in the source and helps to show that you are fairly representing the source.
When you decide to use quotations, make sure that you do not simply cut the words out and drop them into your paper. You will need to give a brief introduction to the quote to let readers understand the context of the words and their relationship to your argument. Quotes that do not reflect the meaning of the author within the context are considered out-of-context. Quotes should not be used out-of-context to convey a meaning not intended by the author. In addition, quotes must be incorporated logically into a sequence of sentences.
Incorrect use
People pay higher prices for organic food. “The FDA simply does not have enough agents to do thorough inspections” (Jones).
Corrected use
People pay higher prices for organic food. Jones makes a good point when he explains how really impossible it is at this time to tell whether foods are grown without certain chemicals or pesticides to justify these higher prices. “The FDA simply does not have enough agents to do thorough inspections” (Jones).
Quotations must also be incorporated grammatically.
Original Quotation
Jones continues to explain, “No proof that pesticides were not used.”
Corrected use
Jones continues to explain that there is “no proof that pesticides were not used.”
Substitutions, Additions, and Omissions in Quotations
Quotations can be modified; however, proper punctuation must be used to indicate the substitutions, additions, and omissions. Any such substitutions, additions or omissions should not result in quoting out of context where the meaning of the quote is changed.
- Brackets, also called square brackets, are used to show that the original quote has been modified.
- An ellipsis (three periods in a row) is used to show that words have been omitted.
Original Quotation
“Besides, step-families offer unique advantages as well. One example is the increase in available emotional support and, other resources from the larger, more extended family. Another is the opportunity the children have for learning how to cope with an ever changing and complicated world due to the social and emotional complexity of their own step family environment” (Pinto).
Quotation Modified to Substitute an Uppercase for a Lowercase
Pinto acknowledges that blended families can also offer positive aspects. Pinto indicates that “[o]ne example is the increase in available emotional support and, other resources from the larger, more extended family.”
See how a small letter o was substituted for the capital O since using the word that changes what is in the quote to a continuation of a sentence started outside the quote.
Quotation Modified for Clarity
Pinto continues, “Another [advantage] is the opportunity the children have for learning how to cope with an ever changing and complicated world due to the social and emotional complexity of their own step family environment.”
The word advantage was added to make the subject clear.
Quotation Modified to Eliminate Unnecessary Words
Pinto explains, “One example is the increase in available emotional support … from the larger, more extended family."
See how the ellipsis shows the omission of words.
Length of Quote
While research essays should primarily be your own ideas and analysis of sources, sometimes, when the author’s words cannot be adequately paraphrased to convey the intended meaning, it is appropriate to include a long quote.
If you are quoting more than four lines (not sentences), you need to set the quote off from the text. Indent the quote one inch from the left margin, and do not surround the quote with quotation marks. The quote should be double spaced as with the rest of the paper.
Helen Keller, though born both deaf and blind, was no coward. This can be seen in her views on the worth of life:
Security is mostly a superstition. It does not exist in nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the long run than outright exposure. Life is either a daring adventure, or nothing.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a restatement of the sources ideas into your own words. Quotations should only be used in paraphrases when there are special words or wording that cannot be paraphrased. Because the same information that the author provided is being used, a paraphrase is often as long as the original source. Since paraphrases are information from a source, every sentence with paraphrased information must cite the source even if exact words are not quoted.
Even through a sentence with paraphrased information must cite the source, any exact words from the source must be in quotation marks. Failing to use quotation marks on exact words is plagiarism even if the sentence gives credit to the source.
Proper note-taking while doing research can help avoid plagiarism. Notes should include quotation marks around any exact words taken from sources.
Another problem students may have with paraphrasing is that the language used in the paraphrase should be an accurate accounting of the source’s ideas. Good paraphrasing doesn’t just capture the ideas of the source. They don’t include your own opinions or omit important information. Just like in a quotation, be sure to either introduce the source at the beginning of your paraphrase or cite the source at the end of the sentence so that the reader knows these are not your ideas, but ideas from your source.
Jones thinks the answer to reducing water usage is to raise water rates.
OR – The answer to reducing water usage is to raise water rates (Jones).
A Good Paraphrase
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has all the main ideas included with no new ideas added.
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is different enough from the original to be your own writing.
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refers directly to the original source.
Quotation
“Besides, step-families offer unique advantages as well. One example is the increase in available emotional support and other resources from the larger, more extended family. Another is the opportunity the children have for learning how to cope with an ever-changing and complicated world due to the social and emotional complexity of their own step family environment” (Pinto).
Unacceptable Paraphrase
Step-families have advantages too. One is that there is more emotional support when there are more people. Also, children can cope better with life if they start dealing with problems when they’re young.
- This paraphrase uses too much of the original’s wording and sentence structure.
- It does not properly introduce or cite the original source.
- It does not accurately convey the ideas of the source.
Improved Paraphrase
Although there are many criticisms leveled against mixed families, Pinto gives some reasons for hope. First, Pinto says that blended families are often larger and can provide more “emotional support” and other aid for the children. Pinto continues by explaining that because of the emotional and social complications that arise in a blended family, children are more able to deal with the complexities of today’s changing world.
Summarizing
A summary is similar to a paraphrase in that you again use your own words. This time, however, not all the details are included. You must decide what the source’s main points are and condense them into a few concise sentences. For this reason, summaries are often much shorter than the original source. Summaries should not use exact quotes from the source except in those unusual situations where there is a special word or phrase that cannot be expressed in your own words.
Like all of the other methods of incorporating source information into your paper, it is important to not plagiarize, either by forgetting to quote the original if you use the same words, or by not clearly introducing the information as having come from the source.
A Good Summary
- contains only the most important information
- is concise; it should always be shorter than the original
- paraphrases any information taken from the source
- refers directly to the original source
- does not use exact wording (quotes) except for special word or words that cannot be expressed otherwise
Original Quotation
“Besides, step-families offer unique advantages as well. One example is the increase in available emotional support and, other resources from the larger, more extended family. Another is the opportunity the children have for learning how to cope with an ever changing and complicated world due to the social and emotional complexity of their own step family environment” (Pinto).
Unacceptable Summary
Step-families have advantages too. One is that there is more emotional support when there are more people. And there are other resources because there are more family members. Also, children can cope better with life if they start dealing with problems when they’re young.
- This summary contains more than just the most important information.
- It is not concise
- It does not refer back to the source
Improved Summary
Pinto believes that blended families can provide more emotional support and resources and help children learn to cope more effectively in a complex world.
Since a summary contains sentences with information from a source, each sentence must cite the source if you use a summary in your research paper. However, there are times when you have an assignment in a class which asks for a summary. In that case, the instructor may not require that the source be cited in each sentence as long as it is given credit at the beginning or end and there is no question it is a summary of a source. If the assignment asks for an analysis of a particular source along with your opinion, then each sentence with information from the source must cite the source in order to distinguish it from your analysis. This is not strictly a summary since summaries contain only key ideas from the source and not your opinion or analysis.
Important Notes
Separation of Personal Feelings:
Sometimes, it is difficult to separate our personal feelings about the content of a source when we paraphrase or summarize. It is critical to be able to objectively paraphrase and summarize. Research is not about finding sources which support your position. Research is about finding the variety of opinions on the issue, evaluating them, and then deciding what your position is. You will be reading and using information you do not agree with.
Use of Summaries in Research Papers:
Since a summary contains sentences with information from a source, each sentence must cite the source if you use a summary in your research paper. However, there are times when you have an assignment in a class which asks for a summary. In that case, the instructor may not require that the source be cited in each sentence as long as it is given credit at the beginning or end and there is no question it is a summary of a source. If the assignment asks for an analysis of a particular source along with your opinion, then each sentence with information from the source must cite the source in order to distinguish it from your analysis. This is not strictly a summary since summaries contain only key ideas from the source and not your opinion or analysis.
